CJ: Muscles Alive, Ed 5. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1985 (pp. 399–400).

16. Ibid.: (pp 402–403).

17. Benoit G, Ddmas V, Gtflot C, et al.- The anatomy of erection. Surg Radiol Anat 9:263–272, 1987.

18. Carter BL, Morehead J, Wolpert SM, et al.. Crass-Sectional Anatomy. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1977 (Sects. 38–41, 44–46.

19. Ibid. (Sects. 41–42—male, Sect. 47—female).

20. Ibid. (Sect 42).

21. Ibid. (Sects. 40–42, 46).

22. Ibid. (Sects. 40, 44).

23. Ibid. (Sects. 42, 47).

24. Clemente CD: Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body, American Ed 30. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1985 (p. 96).

25. Ibid. (pp. 361–363).

26. Ibid. (pp. 498–500)

27. Ibid. (pp 500, 501, Fig 6-36).

28. Ibid. (pp. 508–511).

29. Ibid. (p 509, Fig. 6-40).

30. Ibid. (p. 510, Fig. 6-41)

31. Ibid. (pp. 511–512).

32. Ibid. (pp. 568–570).

33. Cooper WL: Coccygodynia: an analysis of one hundred cases J Internal Coll Surg 33:306-3U, 1960

34. Critchley HOD, Dixon JS, Gosling JA. Comparative study of the periurethral and perianal parts of the human levator am muscle Urol Int 35:226–212, 1980.

35. Dittrich RJ. Coccygodynia as referred pain. J Bone Joint Surg [Am] 33:715–718, 1951.

36. Douthwaite AH. Proctalgia fugax. Br Med J 2:164–165. 1962.

37. Eisler P. Die Muskeln des Stammes. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1912 (pp. 447, 449–451, Fig. 65).

38. Fenner H, Staubesand J: Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy, Ed. 10, Vol. 2. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore, 1983 (Fig. 152).

39. Ibid. (Fig. 292).

40. Ibid. (Fig 295).

41. Ibid. (Figs, 320, 328, 329).

42. Ibid. (Fig. 325)

43. Ibid. (Fig. 404).

44. Ibid. (Fig 420)

45. Goldstein J Personal communication, 1990.

46. Gosling JA, Dixon JS, Critchley HOD, et al.: A comparative study of the human external sphincter and periurethral levator ani muscles. Br J Urol 53:35–41, 1981

47. Grant SR, Salvati EP, Rubin RJ: Levator syndrome' an analysis of 316 cases. Dis Colon Rectum 18:161–163, 1975.

48. Greenman PE Principles of Manual Medicine Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1989 (pp. 234, 236).

49. Harvey RF Colonic motility in proctalgia fugax. Lancet 2:713–714, 1979.

50. Juenemann KP, Lue TF, Schmidt RA, et al: Clinical significance of sacral and pudendal nerve anatomy. J Urol 139:74–80, 1988.

51. Karacan 1, Hirshkowitz M, Sails PJ, et al.: Penile blood flow and musculovascular events during sleep-related erections of middle-aged men, J Urol 138:111–181, 1987.

52. Kidd R: Pain localization with the innominate upslip dysfunction. Manual Med 3:103–105, 1988

53. Koelbl H, Strassegger H, Riss PA, et al. MoTphologic and functional aspects of pelvic floor muscles in patients with pelvic relaxation and genuine stress incontinence, Obstet Gynecol 74:789–795, 1989.

54. Lavoisier P, Courtois F, Barres D, et al. Correlation between intracavemous pres sure and contraction of the ischiocavemosus muscle in man J Urol 136:936–939, 1986

55. Lavoisier P, Proulx J, Courtois F Reflex contractions of the ischiocavemosus musclcs following elcctncal and pressure sumulations J Urol 139:396–399, 1988

56. Leigh RE Obturator nitemus spasm as a cause of pelvic and sciatic distress Lancet 1:286–287, 1952

57. Lewit К Manipulative Therapy in Rehabilitation of the Motor System Butterworths, London, 1985 (pp 113, 174, 311)

58. Ibid. (pp 223, 278, Fig 6 97)

59. Ibid. (pp 306–307)

60. Lewit K. Postisometric relaxation in combi nation with other methods of muscular facilitation and inhibition Manual Med 2:101–104, 1986

61. Lilius HG Oravisto KJ, Valtonen EJ Origin of pain in interstitial cystitis Scand J Urol Nephrol 7:150–152, 1973

62. Lilius HG, Valtonen EJ The levator am spasm syndrome a clinical analysis of 31 cases Ann Chir Gynaecol Fenn 62:93–97, 1973

63. Long С, II Myofascial pam syndromes Part III — Some syndromes of trunk and thigh Henry Ford Hosp Med Bull 4:102–106, 1956

64. Malbohan IM, Mojisova L Tichy M The role of coccygeal spasm m low back pain J Man Med 4:140–141, 1989

65. McMinn RMH, Hutchings RT Color Adas of Human Anatomy Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, 1977 (p 81)

66. Ibid. (p 245)

67. Ibid. (p 248)

68. Ibid. (p 252A)

69. Ibid. (p 256)

70. Ibid. (pp 266, 273)

71. Morris L Newton RA Use of high voltage pulsed galvanic stimulation for patients with levator am syndrome Phys Tker 67:1522–1525, 1987

72. Netter FH The Ciba Collection of Medical Illustrations, Vol 8, Musculoskeletal System Part I Anatomy, Physiology and Metabolic Disorders Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Summit, 1987 (p 86)

73. Ibid. (pp 142–143)

74. Nicosia JF, Abcanan H Levator syndrome a treatment that works Dis Colon Rectum 28:406–408, 1985.

75. Nocenti MR Reproduction, Chapter 48 In Medical Physiology, Ed 12, Vol 1, edited by V В Mountcastle С V Mosby Cora pany, St Louis, 1968 (pp 992—1028. see 1024–1025)

76. Oliver GC, Rubin RJ, Salvati EP, et al Electrogalvamc stimulation in the treatment of levator syndrome Dis Colon Rectum 28:662–663, 1985

77. Pace JB Commonly overlooked pam syn dromes responsive to simple therapy Postgrad Med 58:107–113, 1975

78. Pace JB, Henning С Episacroiliac lipoma Am Fam Phys 6:70–73, 1972

79. Peery WH Proctalgia ftigax a clinical enigma South Med J 87:621–623, 1988

80. Pernkopf E Atlas of Topographical and Ap plied Human Anatomy, Vol 2 W В Saunders, Philadelphia 1964 (Fig 306)

81. RohenJW Yokocha С Color Atlas of Anatomy Ed 2 Igaku Shorn, New York, 1988 (P 311)

82. Ibid. (p 316)

83. Ibid. (p 317)

84. Ibid. (p 322)

85. Ibid. (p 323)

86. Ibid. (p 332)

87. Salvati EP The levator syndrome and its variant Gastroenterol Clm North Am 16:71–78, 1987

88. Simons DC, Travell JG Myofascial origins of low back pam 3 Pelvic and lower extremity muscles Postgrad Med 73:99—108, 1983

89. Sinaki M, Merritt JL, Stillwell GK Tension myalgia of the pelvic floor Maya Clm Proc 52:717–722, 1977

90. Slocumb JC Neurological factors in chron ic pelvic pam trigger points