Patterson, S. “Size and growth modification in clownfish”. Nature, July 10, 2003.

Payne, P. Michael, David N. Wiley, Sharon B. Young, Sharon Pittman, Phillip J. Clapham, and Jack W. Jossi. “Recent fluctuations in the abundance of baleen whales in the southern Gulf of Maine in relation to changes in selected prey”. Fishery Bulletin 88(4) (1990): 687–696.

Pennington, J. Timothy. “The ecology of fertilization of echinoid eggs: The consequences of sperm dilution, adult aggregation, and synchronous spawning”. Biological Bulletin 169(2) (1985): 417–430.

Pew Charitable Trusts, The. “Conserving Atlantic Bluefin Tuna with Spawning Sanctuaries”. Ocean Science Brief. October 26, 2010. http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2010/10/26/ocean-science-series-science-brief-conserving-atlantic-bluefin-tuna-with-spawning-sanctuaries.

Policansky, David. “Sex change in plants and animals”. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 13 (1982): 471–495.

Popper, A. N., and M. C. Hastings. “The effects of human-generated sound on fish”. Integr Zool 4(1) (2009): 43–52, doi:10.1111/j.1749–4877.2008.00134.x.

Portnoy, D. S., and E. J. Heist. “Molecular markers: Progress and prospects for understanding reproductive ecology in elasmobranchs”. Journal of Biology 80 (2012): 1120–1140.

Powell, Dawn K., Paul A. Tyler, and Lloyd S. Peck. “Effect of sperm concentration and sperm ageing on fertilisation success in the Antarctic soft-shelled clam Laternula elliptica and the Antarctic limpet Nacella concinna.” Marine Ecology-Progress Series 215 (2001): 191–200.

Prager, Ellen. Sex, Drugs and Sea Slime: The Oceans’ Oddest Creatures and Why They Matter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.

Pratt, H. L., and J. C. Carrier. “A review of elasmobranch reproductive behavior with a case study on the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum”. Environmental Biology of Fishes 60 (2001): 157–188.

Prevedelli, D., and R. Zunarelli Vandini. “Survival, fecundity and sex ratio of Dinophilus gyrociliatus (Polychaeta: Dinophilidae) under different dietary conditions”. Marine Biology 133 (1999): 231–236.

978-Quinn, James F., Stephen R. Wing, and Louis W. Botsford. “Harvest refugia in marine invertebrate fisheries: Models and applications to the red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus”. American Zoologist 33(6) (1993): 537–550.

Randall, John E. “Contributions to the biology of the queen conch, Strombus gigas”. Bulletin of Marine Science 14(2) (1964): 246–295.

Rattanayuvakorn, Sukjai, Pisut Mungkornkarn, Amara Thongpan, and Kannika Chatchavalvanich. “Gonadal development and sex inversion in saddleback anemonefish Amphiprion polymnus Linnaeus (1758)”. Nat. Sci. 40 (2006): 196–203.

Reinhardt, K., N. Anthes, and R. Lange. “Copulatory wounding and traumatic insemination”. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 7(5) (2015), doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a017582.

Richardson, Darren L., Peter L. Harrison, and Vicki J. Harriott. “Timing of spawning and fecundity of a tropical and subtropical anemonefish (Pomacentridae: Amphiprion) on a high latitude reef on the east coast of Australia”. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 156 (1997): 175–181.

Richmond, Robert H. “Reproduction and recruitment in corals: Critical links in the persistence of reefs”. In Life and Death of Coral Reefs. Ed. C. E. Birkeland. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1997, 175–197.

Rideout, Rich M., and George A. Rose. “Suppression of reproduction in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua”. Marine Ecology Progress Series 320 (2006): 267–277.

Robertson, D. Ross, and Robert R. Warner. “Sexual patterns in the labroid fishes of the western Caribbean, II: The parrotfishes (Scaridae)”. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 255 (1978).

Rogers-Bennett, Laura, Peter L. Haaker, Tonya O. Huff, And Paul K. Dayton. “Estimating Baseline Abundances of Abalone in California for Restoration”. In Abalone Baselines In California: Cal-COFI Report 43 (2002): 97–111.

Ross, Robert M. “Reproductive behavior of the anemonefish Amphiprion melanopus on Guam”. Copeia 1978 (1): 103–107.

Ross, Robert M., Thomas F. Hourigan, Marvin M. F. Lutnesky, and Ishwar Singh. “Multiple simultaneous sex changes in social groups of a coral-reef fish”. Copeia 1990 (2): 427–433.

Rouse, Greg W., Nerida G. Wilson, Shana K. Goffredi, Shannon B. Johnson, Tracey Smart, Chad Widmer, Craig M. Young, and Robert C. Vrijenhoek. “Spawning and development in Osedax boneworms (Siboglinidae, Annelida)”. Marine Biology 156(3) (2008): 395–405, doi:10.1007/s00227-008-1091-z.

Rouse, Greg, Nerida G. Wilson, Katrine Worsaae, and Rober C. Vrijenhoek. “A dwarf male reversal in bone-eating worms”. Current Biology 25(2) (2015): 236–241.

Ruxton, Graeme D., and David M. Bailey. “Combining motility and bioluminescent signalling aid, mate finding in deep sea fish: A simulation study” Marine Ecology-Progress Series 293 (2005): 253–262, doi:10.3354/meps293253.

Sadovy de Mitcheson, Yvonne, and Min Liu. “Functional hermaphroditism in teleosts”. Fish and Fisheries 9 (2008): 1–43.

Sadovy, Y., M. Kulbicki, P. Labrosse, Y. Letourneur, P. Lokani and T. J. Donaldson. “The humphead wrasse, Cheilinus undulatus: Synopsis of a threatened and poorly known giant coral reef fish”. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 13 (2003): 327–364.

Sadovy, Yvonne, and Douglas Y. Shapiro. “Criteria for the diagnosis of hermaphroditism in fishes”. Copeia 1987 (1): 136–156.

Sakai, Yoichi, Masanori Kohda, and Tetsuo Kuwamura. “Effect of changing harem on timing of sex change in female cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus”. Animal Behaviour 62(2) (2001): 251–257, doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1761.

Sala, Enric, Enric Ballesteros, and Richard M. Starr. “Rapid decline of Nassau grouper spawning aggregations in Belize: Fishery management and conservation needs”. Fisheries 26(10) (2001): 23–30.

Santos, R. S. “Allopaternal care in the redlip blenny”. Journal of Fish Biology 47 (1995): 350–353.

Searcy, William A. “The evolution effects of male selection”. Ann Rev. Ecol. Syst. 13 (1982): 57–85.

Sella, Gabriella, and Liliana Ramella. “Sexual conflict and mating systems in the dorvilleid genus Ophryotrocha and the dinophilid genus Dinophilus”. Hydrobiologia 402 (1999): 203–213.

Siveter, David J., G. Tanaka, C. U. Farrell, M. J. Martin, Derek J. Siveter, and D. E. G. Briggs. “Exceptionally preserved ostracods with developmental brood care from the Ordovician”. Current Biology 24(7) (2014): 801–806.