22 Eichner, The Emergence of Oligopoly, 16, 150, 152, 184–187.

23 J.Carlyle Sitterson, Sugar Country: The Cane Sugar Industry in the South 1753–1950 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1953), 302, 312.

24 Jacob Adler, Claus Spreckels: The Sugar King in Hawaii (Honolulu: Mutual, 1966), 101.

25 Adler, Claus Spreckels, 29; To Fight the Sugar Trust: Claus Spreckels as Belligerent as Ever and Ready for the Fray, New York Times, April 25, 1889; Eichner, The Emergence of Oligopoly, 153–154.

26 Eichner, The Emergence of Oligopoly, 166, 172.

27 James Burnley, Millionaires and Kings of Enterprise: The Marvellous Careers of Some Americans Who by Pluck, Foresight, and Energy Have Made Themselves Masters in the Fields of Industry and Finance (London: Harmsworth Brothers, 1901), 212.

28 Shephard, «The Sugar Industry,» 151.

29 Henry Steel Olcott, Sorgho and Imphee, the Chinese and African Sugar Canes: A Treatise upon Their Origin, Varieties and Culture, Their Value as a Forage Crop, and the Manufacture of Sugar… (New York: A. O. Moore, 1858), 23.

30 Warner, Sweet Stuff, 145.

31 Olcott, Sorgho and Imphee, 27; C. Plug, «Wray, Mr Leonard Hume,» in S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science, дата обращения: 10.04.2022, s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=3197.

32 Olcott, Sorgho and Imphee, 228, 230–231.

33 Olcott, Sorgho and Imphee, iv, v, 243–245; Warner, Sweet Stuff, 146; Isaac A.Hedges and William Clough, Sorgo or the Northern Sugar Plant (Cincinnati, OH: Applegate, 1863), vi.

34 Warner, Sweet Stuff, 150, 153.

35 Leonard J. Arrington, «Science, Government, and Enterprise in Economic Development: The Western Beet Sugar Industry,» Agricultural History 41, no. 1 (1967): 5.

36 Adler, Claus Spreckels, 25.

37 Warner, Sweet Stuff, 94; Alfred Dezendorf, «Henry T. Oxnard at Home,» San Francisco Sunday Call 90, no. 40 (July 10, 1904).

38 Jack R.Preston, «Heyward G. Leavitt’s Influence on Sugar Beets and Irrigation in Nebraska,» Agricultural History 76, no. 2 (2002): 382–383.

39 Arrington, «Science, Government, and Enterprise,» 15–17; Thomas J. Osborne, «Claus Spreckels and the Oxnard Brothers: Pioneer Developers of California’s Beet Sugar Industry, 1890–1900,» Southern California Quarterly 54, no. 2 (1972): 119–121; Eichner, The Emergence of Oligopoly, 232.

40 Gerald D.Nash, «The Sugar Beet Industry and Economic Growth in the West,» Agricultural History 41, no. 1 (1967): 29. См.: Preston, «Heyward G.Leavitt’s Influence.»

41 Anonymous, «American Beet Sugar Company,» Louisiana Planter and Sugar Manufacturer 2, no. 17 (1899): 268; Eichner, The Emergence of Oligopoly, 243–244.

42 Matthew C.Godfrey, Religion, Politics, and Sugar: The Mormon Church, the Federal Government, and the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, 1907–1921 (Logan: Utah State University Press, 2007), 62–64.

43 Matthew C.Godfrey, «The Shadow of Mormon Cooperation: The Business Policies of Charles Nibley, Western Sugar Magnate in the Early 1900s,» Pacific Northwest Quarterly 94, no. 3 (2003): 131; Godfrey, Religion, Politics, and Sugar, 65, chap. 3, 107–117; Eichner, The Emergence of Oligopoly, 239–240.

44 César J.Ayala, American Sugar Kingdom: The Plantation Economy of the Spanish Caribbean, 1898–1934 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1999), 36, 57.

45 См.: Edwin Farnsworth Atkins, Sixty Years in Cuba: Reminiscences… (Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1926), 108; Ayala, American Sugar Kingdom, 94.

46 Atkins, Sixty Years in Cuba, 186.

47 Mary Speck, «Prosperity, Progress, and Wealth: Cuban Enterprise during the Early Republic, 1902–1927,» Cuban Studies, no. 36 (2005): 53.

48 Ayala, American Sugar Kingdom, 58–62; Antonio Santamaría García, «El progreso del azúcar es el progreso de Cuba: La industria azucarera y la economía cubana a principios del siglo XX desde el análisis de una fuente: El Azúcar. Revista Industrial Técnico-Práctica,» Caribbean Studies 42, no. 2 (2014): 74.

49 Ayala, American Sugar Kingdom, 80.

50 Robert B.Hoernel, «Sugar and Social Change in Oriente, Cuba, 1898–1946,» Journal of Latin American Studies 8, no. 2 (1976): 229, 239.

51 Ayala, American Sugar Kingdom, 80, 94–95.

52 Muriel McAvoy, Sugar Baron: Manuel Rionda and the Fortunes of Pre-Castro Cuba (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003), 22–23.

53 R.W.Beachey, The British West Indies Sugar Industry in the Late 19th Century (Oxford: B. Blackwell, 1957), 128–132.

54 McAvoy, Sugar Baron, 73.

55 E.M.Brunn, «The New York Coffee and Sugar Exchange,» Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 155 (1931): 112; McAvoy, Sugar Baron, 73.

56 McAvoy, Sugar Baron, 82–83, 95, 199; Ayala, American Sugar Kingdom, 88–89.

57 Rémy Herrera, «Where Is Cuba Heading? When the Names of the Emperors Were Morgan and Rockefeller… Prerevolutionary Cuba’s Dependency with Regard to U.S. High Finance,» International Journal of Political Economy 34, no. 4 (2005): 33–34, 46.

58 Boris C.Swerling, «Domestic Control of an Export Industry: Cuban Sugar,» Journal of Farm Economics 33, no. 3 (1951): 346; Speck, «Prosperity, Progress, and Wealth,» 54.

59 Laura Mason, Sweets and Candy: A Global History (London: Reaktion Books, 2018), 71.

60 Michael D’Antonio, Hershey: Milton S.Hershey’s Extraordinary Life of Wealth, Empire, and Utopian Dreams (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 36–59.

61 D’Antonio, Hershey, 106–107, 131, 161–166.

62 Thomas R.Winpenny, «Milton S. Hershey Ventures into Cuban Sugar,» Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 62, no. 4 (1995): 495.

63 Ayala, American Sugar Kingdom, 83–84, 95.

64 Peter James Hudson, Bankers and Empire: How Wall Street Colonized the Caribbean (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018), 147, 189, 202.

65 См.: Hudson, Bankers and Empire.

66 Ayala, American Sugar Kingdom, 108, 112–115, 226–227, 240; Victor Selden Clark, Porto Rico and Its Problems (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1930), 404, 431; Harvey S.Perloff, Puerto Rico’s Economic Future: A Study in Planned Development (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1950), 136.

67 John Emery Stahl, «Economic Development through Land Reform in Puerto Rico» (PhD diss., Iowa State University of Science and Technology, 1966), 11–12; J.O.Solá, «Colonialism, Planters, Sugarcane, and the Agrarian Economy of Caguas, Puerto Rico, between the 1890s and 1930,» Agricultural History 85, no. 3 (2011): 359–361; Javier Alemán Iglesias, «Agricultores independientes: Una introducción al origen de los colonos en el municipios de juncos y sus contratos de siembra y molienda, 1905–1928,» Revista de los Historiadores de la Región Oriental de Puerto Rico, no. 3 (2019): 32–36.

68 Matthew O.Edel, «Land Reform in Puerto