29. Frye, History of Ancient Iran, p. 337.

30. Andreas N. Stratos, Byzantium in the Seventh Century, vol. 1 (1968), pp. 602–614.

31. al-Tabari, History, vol. 5, p. 678.

32. Theophanes, Chronicle, pp. 327–328.

1. Jerry Rogers et al., Water Resources and Environmental History (2004), p. 36.

2. Dionysius, p. 65.

3. Paul Dresch, Tribes, Government, and History in Yemen (1993), p. 6; Keys, pp.

60-62; The Holy Quran, trans. Abdullah Yusuf Ali (2000), Surah 34.15–16,19.

4. Saunders, History of Medieval Islam, p. 22.

5. Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, trans. A Guillaume (1997), p. 119.

6. Armstrong, Muhammad, pp. 58–59, 67–68, 94. Я крайне обязана Карен Армстронг за ее проницательный анализ разницы между племенным и городским арабским сообществом в пятом и шестом столетиях нашей эры.

7. Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, vol. 1 (1974), pp. 149–150.

8. Ishaq, pp. 63, 73, 79.

9. Ibid., p. 84.

10. Ibid., p. 106.

11. Hodgson, Venture of Islam, vol. 1, p. 163.

12. Holy Quran, Surah 93; Ishaq, p. 112.

13. Ishaq, p. 119.

14. Ibid., p. 213.

15. Ibid., p. 221.

16. Ibid., p. 232.

1. John Curtis Perry and Bardwell L. Smith, eds., Essays on T’ang Society (1976), pp. 20–21.

2. Barfield, pp. 142–144.

3. Roberts, p. 82.

4. Barfield, p. 144.

5. Roberts, p. 105.

6. Barfield, p. 145.

7. Hucker, p. 141; Rene Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes (1970), p. 102.

8. Roberts, p. 106; A. Tom Grunfeld, The Making of Modern Tibet, rev. ed. (1996), p. 35.

9. Grunfeld, pp. 35–37; Roberts, pp. 105–107.

10. Michael, p. in; Dora Shu-fang Dien, Empress Wu Zetian in Fiction and in History (2003), pp. 34–35.

11. Grousset, pp. 102–103.

12. С. P. Fitzgerald, The Empress Wu (1968), pp. 42–43.

13. Aston, Nihongi (1896), p. 191.

14. Aston, pp. 192–193.

15. Gary L. Ebersole, Ritual Poetry and the Politics of Death in Early Japan (1989), p. 231.

16. Carter J. Eckert et ah, Korea, Old and New (1990), pp. 42–43.

17. Ibid., p. 43.

1. Armstrong, Muhammad, p. 154.

2. Holy Qu’ran, Surah 2.13; Martin Lings, Muhammad (1983), pp. 126–127.

3. Ishaq, pp. 235–236.

4. Ibid., p. 280.

5. Hodgson, Venture of Islam, vol. 1, pp. 174–175.

6. Ishaq, pp. 286–289.

7. Lings, pp. 136–137; Holy Qu’ran, Surah 2.217.

8. Lings, pp. 140–141.

9. Ishaq, p. 464.

10. Hodgson, Venture of Islam, vol. 1, pp. 194–195.

11. Barnaby Rogerson, The Prophet Muhammad (2003), pp. 207ff.

12. Saunders, History of Medieval Islam, pp. 139–140.

13. al-Tabari, History, vol. 14: The Conquest of Iran, trans. G. Rex Smith (1994), p. 114.

14. Kennedy, Prophet and the Age, pp. 55–56.

15. Saunders, History of Medieval Islam, p. 4L

16. al-Tabari, History, vol. 15, p. 86.

17. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 2, pp. 262–263.

18. al-Tabari, History, vol. 14, p. 114.

19. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 2, p. 235.

20. Vasiliev, p. 211.

21. Collins, p. 120.

22. Timothy Gregory, p. 171.

23. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 2, p. 287.

24. Paul the Deacon, 4.42.

25. al-Tabari, History, vol. 14, p. 77.

1. al-Tabari, History, vol. 14, p. 77.

2. Keay, p. 203.

3. al-Tabari, History, vol. 14, p. 77.

4. Ibid., p. 78.

5. Vincent Arthur Smith, The Early History of India (1904), p. 287.

6. Wolpert, p. 94; Gavin Flood, «The Saiva Traditions», in Gavin Flood, ed., The

Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (2003), pp. 200–203; Harsha, Nagananda, trans. Palmer Boyd (1999), pp. 47–49.

7. Smith, pp. 290, 294.

8. Schmidt, p. 29.

9. Sastri, History of South India, pp. 115–116. 10. Kulke, p. 105.

1. Kennedy, Prophet and the Age, p. 69.

2. Ibid., p. 70.

3. Collins, pp. 122–124.

4. al-Tabari, History, vol. 15, pp. 26–27.

5. Collins, p. 124; Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 2, p. 288.

6. Theophanes, Chronicle (1982), p. 43.

7. al-Tabari, History, vol. 15, p. 22.

8. Abd al-Husain Zarrinkub, «The Arab Conquest of Iran and Its Aftermath», in

R. N. Frye, ed., The Cambridge History of Iran in Eight Volumes, vol. 4(1975), p. 23; al-Tabari, vol. 15, p. 69.

9. Zarrinkub, pp. 24–25; al-Tabari, History, vol. 15, pp. 78–79.

10. al-Tabari, History, vol. 15, p. 63.

11. Kennedy, Prophet and the Age, p. 72; Collins, p. 121; Zarrinkub, p. 21.

12. al-Tabari, History, vol. 15, pp. 131, 138.

13. Ibid., pp. 141–142.

14. Ibid., pp. 188–189.

15. Ibid., p. 222.

16. Muhammad ibn al-Husayn Sharif al-Radi, Nahjul Balagha, trans. Mohammad Askari Jafery (1984), «Letter: To the Egyptians».

17. Kennedy, Prophet and the Age, p. 76.

18. Hodgson, Venture of Islam, pp. 214–215.

19. al-Radi, «A Reply to Mu’awiya’s Letter».

20. Ibid., «А Letter to Mu’awiya».

21. Ibid., «To His Soldiers Before the Battle of Siffin».

22. Hodgson, Venture of Islam, vol. 1, p. 216.

1. Walter Pohl and Helmut Reimitz, Strategies of Distinction (1998), p. 58; Paul the Deacon, 4.42.