2. Pohl and Reimitz, p. 209.

3. Paul the Deacon, 5.6.

4. Ibid., 5.7.

5. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 2, p. 302.

6. Ibid., p. 303.

7. Collins (1999), pp. 124–125; Dineschandra Sircar, Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India (1971), p. 290.

8. Ostrogorsky, p. 124.

9. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 2, pp. 331–333.

10. Theophanes, Chronicle (1982), pp. 56–57.

11. Martin Sicker, The Islamic World in Ascendancy (2000), p. 23.

12. Theophanes, Chronicle (1982), p. 59.

13. Collins, p: 227.

14. Sicker, p. 24; Kennedy, Prophet and the Age, p. 98; Theophanes, Chronicle (1982), p. 64.

15. Collins, p. 228.

1. David John Lu, Japan (1997), p. 27.

2. Piggott, p. 106; Lu, p. 27.

3. Piggott, pp. 83, 118–121.

4. Aston, p. 301.

5. Meyer, p. 37.

6. Michael, pp. 43–44, 113.

7. Meyer, pp. 44–45.

8. Piggott, pp. 1, 3.

9. Aston, pp. 110–111.

1. Fitzgerald, Empress Wu, р. 88.

2. R. W. L. Guisso, Wu Tse-T’ien and the Politics of Legitimization in Tang China (1978), p. 51.

3. Ibid., p. 52; Roberts, pp. 88–89.

4. Fitzgerald, Empress Wu, p. 116.

5. Ibid., pp. 127–128.

6. Ibid., pp. 135–136; Guisso, pp. 137–138.

7. Barfield, pp. 146–147.

8. Roberts, pp. 105-06.

9. Grousset, pp. 110–111; Roberts, p. 106.

10. Roberts, p. 90; Fitzgerald, Empress Wu, p. 163.

11. Guisso, p. 154; Michael, p. in.

12. Michael, pp. 111–112; MacGowan, p. 309.

13. Michael, p. 112; Roberts, pp. 90–91.

1. Theophanes, Chronicle (1982), pp. 70–71.

2. Gregory, p. in.

3. Theophanes, Chronicle (1982), pp. 72–73.

4. Collins, pp. 129–130.

5. Heather, pp. 284–285.

6. Collins, pp. 110–112.

7. Ibid., pp. 115–116.

8. Ibn Abd al-Hakam, The History of the Conquest of Spain, trans. John Harris Jones (1858), p. 22.

9. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 2, pp. 372–373, 382–383.

10. Sicker, p. 25; Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 2, p. 401.

11. Theophanes, Chronicle, pp. 88–89.

12. Ibid., pp. 90–91.

13. Geary, p. 204.

14. Fredegar, p. 90.

15. Paul Fouracre, The Age of Charles Martel (2000), p. 88; Fredegar, p. 91.

1. Elliot and Dowson, The History of India, p. 405.

2. Ibid., pp. 119–120.

3. Ibid., pp. 170–172.

4. Sicker, p. 25; Keay, p. 185; Elliot and Dowson, p. 123.

5. Nau Nihal Singh, The Royal Gurjars (2003), p. 209.

6. Ibid., p. 210.

7. Ronald Inden, Imagining India (1992), p. 252.

8. Keay, pp. 200–201; Inden, pp. 257–258.

1. Sicker, p. 26.

2. Barfield, pp. 148–149.

3. «Epitome of the Iconoclastic Council of Constantinople, 754», in Schaff and Wace, Select Library, vol. 14, p. 543.

4. Eamon Duffy, Saints & Sinners (1997), p. 80.

5. Ostrogorsky, pp. 161–163.

6. Theophanes, Chronicle (1982), pp. 96–97.

7. Ibid., p. 97; St. John of Damascus, «First Apology», in On the Divine Images:

Three Apologies against Those Who Attack the Divine Images, trans. David Anderson (1980), p. 31.

8. Theophanes, Chronicle (1982), p. 98.

9. Duffy, p. 82.

10. Collins, p. 230.

11. Jan T. Hallenbeck, Pavia and Rome (1982), p. 24.

12. Ibid., p. 25.

13. Ostrogorsky, p. 164; Theophanes, Chronicle (1982), p. 100.

1. Simon Franklin and Jonathan Shepard, The Emergence of Rus, 750-1200 (1996), pp. 7-10.

2. Kevin Alan Brook, The Jews of Khazaria, 2d ed. (2006), p. 97; «The Letter of Joseph the King», in Jacob Rader Marcus, ed., The Jew in the Medieval World, rev. ed. (1999), pp. 227–228.

3. Kennedy (2004), Prophet and the Age, pp. 110–111.

4. al-Tabari, History, vol. 26, p. 72.

5. Kennedy, Prophet and the Age, p. 123.

6. Sicker, p. 27.

7. Ahmed ibn Mohammed al-Makkari, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain, trans. Pascual de Gayangos (2002), pp. 95–96.

8. al-Tabari, History, vol. 27, pp. 172–174.

9. Arthur Wollaston, The Sword of Islam (1905), p. 130.

10. al-Tabari, History, vol. 28, p. 238; Sicker, p. 29.

11. M. A. Shaban, Islamic History (1976), p. 12.

12. Hodgson, Venture of Islam, vol. 1, pp. 286–287; al-Tabari, vol. 1, History, vol. 28, pp. 124ff; Shaban, p. 10.

13. Hodgson, Venture of Islam, vol. 1, p. 287.

1. Oliver J. Thatcher and Edgar Holmes McNeal, eds., A Source Book for Medieval History (1905), p. 102.

2. Fredegar (1960), 4.22.

3. Fredegar, 4.30; Joanna Story, ed., Charlemagne (2005), pp. 16–17; Einhard, «The Life of Charlemagne» 1.2, in Lewis Thorpe, trans., Two Lives of Charlemagne (1969).

4. Paul Edward Dutron, ed., Carolingian Civilization (1993), p. n.

5. Slightly condensed from the Clausula de unctione Pippini, in Dutton, p. 12.

6. Fredegar, 4.38–39.

7. «The Donation of Constantine», in Dutton, pp. 14–19.

8. Einhard, «Life of Charlemagne» 3.18, in Thorpe.

9. J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Barbarian West (1962), p. 97.

10. Wallace-Hadrill, Barbarian West (1962), p. 97.

11. Einhard, «Life of Charlemagne» 2.6, in Thorpe.

12. Einhard, «Life of Charlemagne» 2.9-10, in Thorpe.