13. Charles Kenneth Scott-Moncrieff, trans., The Song of Roland (1920), p. 80.

1. Li Po, «A Farewell to Li Yun in the Xie Tiao Pavilion», in Xianyi Yang and Gladys Yang, trans., Poetry and Prose of the Tang and Song (1984), p. 31; Michael, p. 116.

2. Wang Wei, «Seeing Yuan the Second off on a Mission to Anxi», in Yang and

Yang, p. 16; Roberts, p. 122.

3. Roberts, p. 92.

4. Li Po, «Fighting South of the City», in Yang and Yang, pp. 22–23.

5. Hans J. Van de Ven, Warfare in Chinese History (2000), pp. 132–133; Roberts, p. 103.

6. Roberts, p. 93.

7. Ibid.; Van de Ven, pp. 137–138.

8. Michael, p. 144; Bai Juyi, «Song of Eternal Sorrow», in Yang and Yang, pp. 111–115.

9. Charles D. Benn, China’s Golden Age (2004), p. 10.

10. Van de Ven, p. 139.

11. Michael, p. 114; Roberts, p. 107.

12. Roberts, p. 108.

13. Lee, New History of Korea, p. 72; Roberts, pp. 110–111.

14. Michael, p. 114; Van de Ven, p. 144.

1. Theophanes, Chronicle (1982), p. 135.

2. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire, vol. 2, pp. 478–479.

3. Sicker, p. 30.

4. Theophanes, Chronicle (1982), p. 141.

5. Derek Wilson, Charlemagne (2006), pp. 84–85.

6. J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Frankish Church (1983), pp. 413–414.

7. «Alcuin to Charlemagne», in Henry Morley and William Hall Griffin, English Writers, vol. 2 (1888), p. 165.

8. Theophanes, Chronicle (1982), pp. 146–147.

9. Ibid., p. 151.

10. Ibid., p. 153.

11. Ibid., p. 155.

12. Wallace-Hadrill, Frankish Church, pp. 220–223.

13. Wilson, p. 76.

14. Quoted in Wallace-Hadrill, Frankish Church, p. 186.

15. Quoted in Wilson, p. 77.

16. Notker the Stammerer, Charlemagne 27, in Thorpe, p. 125.

17. Wilson, p. 81; Wallace-Hadrill, Barbarian West, p. 109.

18. Quoted in Wilson, p. 81.

19. Theophanes the Confessor, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, trans. Cyril Mango and Roger Scott (1997), p. 657.

1. al-Tabari, History, vol. 30, p. 100.

2. Sicker, p. 30.

3. Richard Hodges and David Whitehouse, Mohammed, Charlemagne & the Origins of Europe (1983), pp. 141, 158; Einhard, «Life of Charlemagne» 1.16, in Thorpe.

4. Collins, pp. 191–192.

5. Franklin and Shepard, p. 12.

6. Hugh Kennedy, When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World (2005), p. 51.

7. Karsh, Islamic Imperialism (2006), p. 72.

8. Florin Curta, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages (2006), p. 147.

9. Curta, p. 149; Theophanes, Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor (1997), pp. 483–485.

10. Theophanes, Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor (1997), pp. 665–666.

11. Curta, pp. 149–150.

12. Theophanes, Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor (1997), p. 673.

13. Curta, p. 150.

14. Theophanes, Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor (1997), p. 679.

15. Wallace-Hadrill, Barbarian West, p. 112.

16. Theophanes, Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor (1997), p 685.

17. Ibid., p. 503.

18. Curta, p. 148.

19. Theophanes, Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor (1997), p. 686.

20. Dimitri Obolensky, Byzantium and the Slavs (1994), p. 40.

1. Jae-un Kang, The Land of Scholars, trans. Suzanne Lee (2006), p. 64.

2. Lee and de Вагу, pp. 48–49.

3. Lee, New History of Korea, p. 84.

4. Lee, et al., Sourcebook of Korean Civilization, p. 122.

5. Kang, p. 232.

6. Lee, et al., Sourcebook of Korean Civilization, p. 133.

7. Lee, New History of Korea, p. 92.

8. Ibid., p. 93.

9. Lee, et al., Sourcebook of Korean Civilization, p. 220.

10. Lee, New History of Korea, p. 95.

11. Ibid., p. 96.

12. James Huntley Grayson, Korea (2002), pp. 57–58.

13. Reischauer, p. 216.

14. Meyer, p. 51.

15. Reischauer, p. 222; Meyer, p. 51.

16. Reischauer, pp. 232–233; Meyer, p. 54.

17. Meyer, p. 54; Karl F. Friday, Hired Swords (1992), pp. 74–75.

18. Piggott, p. 282; Reischauer, p. 249.

19. Peter Martin, The Chrysanthemum Throne (1997), p. 56.

20. Takie Sugiyama Lebra, Above the Clouds (1993), p. 35; Michele Marra, The Aesthetics of Discontent (1991), pp. 38–39.

1. Gernet, p. 266; Denis Twitchett et al., The Cambridge History of China, vol. 6 (1994), p. 7.

2. Roberts, p. 95; Van de Ven, p. 165.

3. MacGowan, pp. 329–331.

4. Chye Kiang Heng, Cities of Aristocrats and Bureaucrats (1999), pp. 20, 78–81.

5. Roberts, p. 107.

6. de Вагу et ab, p. 374.

7. Gernet, p. 267.

8. Roberts, p. 96.

9. Gernet, p. 267.

10. Quoted in Heng, p. 73.

11. Twitchett et ab (1994), p. 56.

12. MacGowan, pp. 338–339.

13. Ibid., pp. 339–340.

14. Twitchett et ab (1994), p. 10.

15. Roger Tennant, A History of Korea (1996), p. 67.

16. Ibid., pp. 67–68.

17. Lee et ab, Sourcebook of Korean Civilization, p. 126.

18. Ibid., p. 126.

19. Tennant (1996), p. 68; Lee, New History of Korea, p. 98.

20. Lee, New History of Korea, p. 98; Tennant, pp. 68–69.

21. Lee, New History of Korea, p. 99; Tennant, p. 70.

22. Jong-gil Kim, Among the Flowering Reeds (2003), p. 32.

23. Tennant, pp. 69–70.

24. Lee et al. Sourcebook of Korean Civilization (1993), pp. 129, 261.