11. De Benneville, p. 106; Hall et ah, p. 58.

12. Reischauer, p. 64.

13. Hall et ah, pp. 59–60; Reischauer, pp. 287ff.

14. H. Paul Varley, Warriors of Japan as Portrayed in the War Tales (1994), p. 8.

15. Karl F. Friday, Hired Swords (1992), p. 10; Varley, pp. 144–145.

16. Friday, pp. 12–13; Varley, p. 145.

1. Tougher, Reign of Leo VI, p. 115.

2. Ibid., p. 117.

3. Arnold Toynbee, Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World (1973), p. 13.

4. Lynda Garland, Byzantine Empresses (1999), p. 114.

5. Quoted in Garland, p. 115.

6. Vasiliev, p. 316.

7. Thomas Riha, ed., Readings in Russian Civilization, vol. 1 (1969), p. 2.

8. Steven Runciman, The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus & His Reign (1929), p. 44.

9. Ostrogorsky (1969), p. 261.

10. Leo the Deacon, The History of Leo the Deacon (2005), 7.7

11. Ostrogorsky, p. 263.

12. Liudprand of Cremona, p. 124.

13. Leo the Deacon, 7.7.

14. Liudprand of Cremona, p. 123.

15. Runciman, Emperor Romanus Lecapenus & His Reign, p. 61.

16. Ibid., p. 90, Romilly Jenkins, Byzantium (1987), pp. 242–243.

17. Runciman, Emperor Romanus Lecapenus & His Reign, p. 92.

1. Liudprand of Cremona, p. 92.

2. Ibid., p. 94.

3. Riche, pp. 226–227.

4. Gesta Normannorum Ducum, vol. 1, trans. Elisabeth M. C. Van Houts (1992), p. 67.

1. Liudprand of Cremona, p. 75.

2. Josef Fleckenstein, Early Medieval Germany, trans. Bernard S. Smith (1978), pp. 108–110.

3. Ibid., p. m; Liudprand of Cremona, p. 77.

4. Liudprand of Cremona, p. 85.

5. Fleckenstein, pp. 112–113.

6. Ibid., p. 116.

7. Liudprand of Cremona, pp. 89–90.

8. Ibid., p. 90.

9. Charles IV, Autobiography of Emperor Charles IV and His Legend of St. Wenceslas, trans, and ed. Balazs Nagy and Frank Schaer (2001), p. 185.

10. Ibid., p. 189.

11. Ibid., p. 193.

1. К. A. Nilakanta Sastri, The Pandyan Kingdom (1929), p. 81.

2. Ibid., p. 81.

3. Ibid., pp. 82, 99.

4. Ibid., p. 82.

5. Rice, p. 326.

6. Sen, p. 480; Sastri, Pandyan Kingdom, p. 100.

7. Karen Pechilis Prentiss, The Embodiment of Bhakti (1999), pp. 95–96.

8. Sastri, Pandyan Kingdom, p. 102.

9. Rice, p. 463.

1. Karsh, p. 54.

2. Heinz Halm, The Empire of the Mahdi (1996), p. 173.

3. Ibid., pp. 175, 200–201.

4. Kennedy, Prophet and the Age, p. 314.

5. Archibald Ross Lewis, The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718-1050 (1965), pp. 70–71, 161.

6. W. Montgomery Watt, A History of Islamic Spain (1965), p. 40.

7. Ibid., p. 46.

8. Karsh, p. 62.

9. Franklin and Shepard, p. 64.

10. Kennedy, Prophet and the Age, p. 217; Karsh, p. 63.

11. Geoffrey L. Simons, Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam (1994), p. 161.

12. Kennedy, Prophet and the Age, pp. 194–195.

13. Peter Beaumont, Drylands (1993), pp. 126–127; Kennedy, Prophet and the Age, p. 197.

1. Lee et al., Sourcebook of Korean Civilization, (1993), p. 261.

2. Lee, New History of Korea (1984), p. 101.

3. Lee et al., Sourcebook of Korean Civilization, p. 275.

4. Lee, New History of Korea, p. 103.

5. James B. Palais, Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions (1996), p. 214; Peter H. Lee et al., Sources of Korean Tradition (1997), p. 146.

6. Lee et al., Sources of Korean Tradition, pp. 146–147.

7. Lee et al., Sourcebook of Korean Civilization, p. 264.

8. Grousset, p. 128.

9. Ibid., pp. 570 n. 125,129.

10. Ibid., p. 129.

11. MacGowan, p. 361.

12. Ibid.

13. Fitzgerald, China, p. 378.

14. MacGowan, p. 368.

1. Swanton, p. 104.

2. D. M. Hadley, The Northern Danelaw (2000), pp. 11–12.

3. William of Malmesbury, p. 207.

4. John of Worcester, Chronicles, vol. 2 (1995), p. 387.

5. Swanton, pp. 106, 108–109.

6. William of Malmesbury, p. 213.

7. Ibid., p. 233.

8. Ibid., p. 237.

9. Ibid., p. 237.

10. Ibid., p. 245.

11. John of Worcester, Chronicles, vol. 2, pp. 422–425; William of Malmesbury, pp. 239–241; Swanton, p. 118.

12. Jones, History of the Vikings, pp. 34–35, 45–46; Ornolfur Thorsson, ed.,

The Sagas of the Icelanders: A Selection (2001), p. 9.

13. Thorsson, p. 9.

14. Jones, History of the Vikings, p. 279.

15. Ibid., p. 95.

16. Thorsson, p. 81.

17. Sturluson, p. 104.

18. Ibid., p. 113.

19. Thorsson, p. 654.

20. Ibid., p. 655.

21. Sturluson, p. 140.

22. William of Malmesbury, p. 273.

23. John of Worcester, Chronicles, vol. 2, p. 425.

24. Sturluson, p. 141.

25. Ibid., pp. 214–215.

26. Henry of Huntingdon, The Chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon, trans. Thomas Forester (1853), p. 183.

27. Swanton, p. 135 n. 9.

28. Ian Howard, Swein Forkbeard’s Invasions and the Danish Conquest of England, 991-1017 (2003), pp. 62–63.

29. Swanton, p. 143.

30. Ibid., pp. 143–145; William of Malmesbury, pp. 302–303.